Module 1: The basics

Diabetes currently affects 2.4 million Canadians. Estimates suggest that up to 6 million Canadians have prediabetes, putting them at risk for developing diabetes and its complications. It is estimated worldwide that 246 million people are affected by diabetes and the number is rising. Obesity, lack of exercise and the population growth in high-risk populations are all contributing to this increase. Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death.

Over the years there have been many changes in managing diabetes but still there is no cure. While diabetes has a significant impact on a person's day-to-day lifestyle, the long-term complications that may develop can be debilitating and life-threatening. Estimates suggest that diabetes will cost the Canadian health care system $15.6 billion by 2010.

Objectives

You have completed this module when you are able to:

  1. Distinguish among the main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational;
  2. Identify key attributes that help to explain the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes;
  3. Identify blood glucose values that are indicative of prediabetes;
  4. Identify indicators of metabolic syndrome;
  5. Identify recommendations for screening for type 2 diabetes;
  6. Identify target levels for A1C, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels;
  7. Explain the influence of lifestyle factors on the prevention of diabetes;
  8. Describe the role of insulin in maintaining blood glucose levels;
  9. Describe the role of counter-regulatory hormones in maintaining blood glucose levels;
  10. Identify factors that contribute to an increase or decrease in blood glucose levels;
  11. Identify potential benefits from maintaining healthy blood glucose levels; and
  12. Recognize how people may react to the diagnosis of diabetes.

To enhance your learning, you may also wish to refer to the "Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes and other dysglycemic categories", "Screening for type 1 and type 2 diabetes" and "Organization of diabetes care" sections of the Canadian Pharmacists Journal's supplement on Diabetes. (CPJ 2009;142[SUPPL 1])